Uruguay - 2013 - International Philatelic Exhibition, Cordoba 2013
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FDC not Sent 1 --- 4,50 EUR
FDC not Sent 2 --- 4,50 EUR
FDC Sent on First Day 1 --- 9,00 EUR
FDC Sent on First Day 2 --- 9,00 EUR
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Issue information:
Country: Uruguay
Date: April 23rd, 2013
FDC Type: Normal
FDC Shape and Size: Rectangular [165 mm. x 105 mm.]
Topics:
Issue:
This special cancelation was released to promote the Internationa Philatelic Exhibition that took place in Córdoba, a city of Argentina, in year 2013, more precisely, from the day the cancelation was released, April 23rd, to the end of this week, April 27th, and was called "Córdoba 2013", and also named "400 Años de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba 2013", in english: "400 Years of the National University of Córdoba". For this second name, the cancelation also takes the opportunity to celebrate the four centenary of this University.
The design of the cancelation it is composed, by the Coat of Arms of the Cordoba University, and some legends inside and outside a frame with two of his four sides resembles the perforation of a stamp, and the other two are single lines.
The legends inside the frame remark the exhibtion with: "CORDOBA 2013, Exposición Filatélica Internacional", in english: "CORDOBA 2013, International Philatelic Exhibition", and the university four centenary showing the legend: "UNC 400 años", that are the initials in spanish of the university, and its years of live being celebrated.
Then, outside the frame, the legend: "Córdoba, Argentina del 23 al 27 de Abril de 2013", locates the stamp exhibition in space and time, and is also acompanied by the legend for all official post office cancelations that says: "Correos URUGUAY".
Finally, a few more things about the desing, in particular, about the coat of arms of the university. First, as the University was built by the Jesuits, although not seen correctly in the cancelation, in the top of the oval are the letters "IHS" with a cross over the 'H' that identifies them, and it is the abbreviation of "JESUS HOMINUM SALVATOR".
Above this letters, and divided bya diagonal stripe showing the motto of the University in latin: "Ut portet nomen meum", that in english means: "In order to carry my name", there is a representation of the sun by two squares overlapped.
The last remarkable item in the coat of arms is the crowned eagle, with his wings wide open and in the motion of starting a flight. Icon that occupies the bottom half of the coat of arms central oval.
For the creation of the covers in which this special cancelations will be applied, two releases were selected. The stamps were chosen just by it relation to philatelic issues, being the first, the most related to the cancelation, as it is one commemorating another stamp exhibition, this one placed in Uruguay on year 2005 and called "Urutem 2005", then, the second stamp, is one from year 2006, and it celebrates, the 150 years of the first uruguyan stamp, stamp known as "Diligencia", in english: "Stagecoach", because it was used for postage carried by this conveyance, and this is the reason why, not only that old and valuable stamp is shown in the 2006 stamp, also a stagecoach, like the ones it carried them, is shown too.
As both stamps chosen have a facial value of 16 Uruguayan Pesos (UYP), and at the time of cover creation the minimum postage value is 15 UYP, to match the rule that for the application of the cancelation at least this amount should be included, only one stamp was used in both non sent FDCs. Then, for the cirulated ones, as the certified local postage at the time of the cover creation was 50 UYP, am horizontal stripe of three stamps, accompanied by two copies of the neutral uruguayan bicentennial stamp of 1 UYP, were elected to reach the exact postage value in the cover.
The realization of International Philatelic Exhibition called "400 Years of the National University of Córdoba 2013" is done in commemoration of the four centuries of life that meets the University of Cordoba in June this year.
As part of the celebrations, the "Centro Filatélico Mediterráneo (CEFIMED)", in english: "Mediterranean Philatelic Center" and "Centro Filatélico Córdoba (CEFICO)", in english "Cordoba Philatlic Center", both Philatelic Institutions from Cordoba, jointly organized from 23 to 27 April 2013, at the Argentina Pavilion of the City University of Cordoba, this international event that has the Sponsorship of the "Federación Argentina de Entidades Filatélicas (FAEF)", in english: "Federation of Argentinean Philatelic Institutions" and manages the Auspices of the "Federación Interamericana de Filatelia (FIAF)", in english: "American Federation of Philately". It also has the support of "Correo Argentino SA", the argentinean post office, and the National University of Cordoba.
The event was attended by Argentine collectors and representatives of Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia and Chile, who competed and were evaluated by qualified judges.
They competed in ten categories (Traditional Philately, Postal History, Aerophilately and Astrophilately, postal stationery, Thematic Philately, Maximaphily Fiscal Framework Class A, Class Youth Philatelic Literature) by 8 medals (Large Gold Medal, Gold Medal, Medal Large Vermeil, Vermeil Medal, Large Silver Medal, Silver Medal, Bronze Medal Silver Medal Bronze).
In this context, Argentine Post Office presented at the opening ceremony, the Commemorative Stamp 400 years of the National University of Cordoba.
This exhibition was an opportunity for evaluating different mail pieces worldwide.
The "Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC)", in english: "National University of Córdoba", is the oldest university in Argentina, the fourth oldest in South America and the sixth oldest in Latin America. It is located in Córdoba, the capital of Córdoba Province. Since the early 20th century it has been the second largest university in the country, after the University of Buenos Aires, in terms of the number of students, faculty, and academic programs. As the city location of the first university founded in the land that is now Argentina, Córdoba has earned the nickname: "La Docta", that in english means: "The Erudite".
Financially depends on the national government, but like all National Universities is autonomous. This autonomy implies that it has the power to manage their budget, choose their authorities and dictate its own standards according to the national level. While admission is unrestricted in most of careers must necessarily approve grading cycle. In a medical career for his part, there is a qualifying entrance exam.
It dates back to 1610 when the Jesuits established the Collegium Maximum (Maximum School), which was the basis for , on 1613, were initiated the higher studies though without authority to grant undergraduate degrees. On August 8, 1621 by Pope Gregory XV, by Apostolic Brief, High School gave the power to confer the degrees, which was ratified by Philip IV through the royal decree of February 2, 1622. This document came to Cordoba to the middle of that year. Pedro de Oñate, Provincial of the Society of Jesus, with the consent of the professors, declared the University open. Subsequently Pedro de Oñate drafted the regulations that were official valid. With the birth of the colloquially known as "Casa de Trejo", born the history of higher education in Argentina.
In 1820 General Juan Bautista Bustos, Governor of the Province of Córdoba , placed the University in the provincial orbit and finally in 1856 is nationalized. According to the research done by historian Lewis Pyanson at mid eighteenth century, it was established that the level of training in physics and mathematics at UNC, was the same as that of American universities in 1850.
In 1918 it was the setting for University Reform movement spreading throughout the continent.
The UNC, since its inception, had profound changes in all aspects. Of the 250,000 degrees awarded until 2010, 2,278 were delivered between 1613 and 1810, growing slowly until the mid-twentieth century when it grows exponentially now reaching about 7,000 students being graduated per year.
During its first two centuries of life, offered three higher learning: philosophy, theology and then law. After the Argentine civil wars, and organized institutionally Argentina, were being added Medicine and several hard sciences. Until 1884 there were no women egress. From that year the participation was gaining weight to be today half of all teachers and a large majority among students.
The National University of Cordoba has a student population of more than 110,000 students distributed in 13 colleges offering more than 250 undergraduate , graduate and doctoral degrees. The offer also includes 100 academic research and service centers , 25 libraries and 16 museums.
In 1610 the Society of Jesus founded the Collegium Maximum in Córdoba, which was attended by students of the order. An institution of the highest intellectual caliber for the time, this was the precursor of the university. While still under the control of the Jesuits, and during the administration of the Bishop of Tucumán, Juan Fernando de Trejo y Sanabria, advanced studies began to be offered at what was now known as the Colegio Maximo de Córdoba. The school did not yet have authority to confer degrees. This milestone would be soon reached; on August 8, 1621 Pope Gregory XV granted this authority by an official document, which arrived in the city in April 1622. With this authorization, and with the approval of the church hierarchy and the provincial head of the Jesuits, Pedro de Oñate, the university began its official existence. This also marks the beginning of the history of higher education in Argentina.
The Jesuits remained in control of the university until 1767, when they were expelled by order of King Carlos III. Leadership then passed to the Franciscan order. For the first 150 years after its founding, the university maintained an exclusive focus on philosophy and theology. The first secondary school in Cordoba was Our Lady of Monserrat, founded by a Jesuit priest, Father Ignacio Duarte y Quirós, in 1687 and incorporated into the university's aegis in 1907. The College of Montesrrat, as well as the original physical plant of the university and the Jesuit church, are part of the Jesuit Block, and were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000.
At the end of the 18th century, law studies were added (with the creation of the School of Law and Social Sciences), and from this time forward studies at the university were no longer exclusively theological. Following a conflict between the Franciscans and the secular clergy over the direction of the university, the house of study was renamed (by royal decree) to Royal University of Saint Charles and Our Lady of Monserrat. With this new name the university acquired the double title of Royal and Pontifical, and Monsignor Gregorio Funes was appointed president. With these changes, the Franciscans were replaced by the secular clergy as leaders of the university.
Monsignor Funes was the architect of profound reforms in studies and introduced new subjects. On May 25, 1810 the May Revolution began, and the new regime took control of the University of Córdoba, although Monsignor Funes remained in his post. In 1820 the university was relocated in other parts of the province of Córdoba, due to a situation of disorganization and chaos across the nation. Around the middle of the 19th century, a new national constitution was ratified, which outlined the new framework for the political organization of Argentina. At this time there were two provincial universities in the country: one in Córdoba and one in Buenos Aires (founded in 1821). The former was nationalized in 1856, the latter in 1881, leaving both under control of the national government.
Between 1860 and 1880, many academic reforms were instituted, similar to those occurring at other universities around the world. In 1864 theological studies were finally eliminated. During the presidency of Faustino Sarmiento the sciences gained momentum through the recruitment of foreign lecturers specializing in Mathematical-Physical Science, leading to the opening of the School of Exact, Physical, and Natural Sciences. This period also saw the birth of the Academy of Exact Sciences and the Astronomical Observatory. In 1877 the School of Medicine was opened. In 1885 the Law of Avellaneda, the first law pertaining to universities, was passed, laying out the ways in which the bylaws of the national universities could be amended, and their administrative framework, leaving other matters under the control of the universities themselves. In 1886 the bylaws of the university in Córdoba were modified to conform to the new law.
In June 1918 the student body at the university of Córdoba launched a movement, to which others all around the continent soon lent their voices, to fight for genuine democratization of the nation's academic activities. Hitherto controlled by interests related to the Catholic Church and the conservative lawmakers tied to the landed gentry, universities in Argentina gained unprecedented autonomy following these reforms.
In May 1969 a series of socio-economic events, closely connected to the French May (which had occurred exactly one year earlier), and with participation by students of the university as well as by workers of the middle and lower classes, led to changes in the educational and political strategies of the university. During the 20th century a number of new schools were created within the university, most of which began as institutes or departments within existing schools: the School of Philosophy and the Humanities, the School of Economics, the School of Architecture and Urban Studies (with Design added later), the School of Dentistry, the School of Chemistry, the School of Agriculture, and the School of Mathematics, Astronomy and Physics. Also created were the College of Languages (which later became a School) and the Manuel Belgrano College of Business.
In 2005 tensions erupted among the teaching staff, involving forceful tactics such as strikes and large-scale demonstrations in the city streets by students, faculty and citizens unaffiliated with the university, as demands were made for fairer pay and the cost of living increases required by law. As the year progressed some agreements were reached but the situation remains unresolved and protests continue.
At the University Assembly which took place on December 16, 2006 Dr. Carolina Scotto was elected president for the period of 2007 through 2010, becoming the first woman chosen to direct this institution. She was inaugurated on April 25, 2007.
The "Manzana Jesuítica y Estancias de Córdoba", in english: "Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba" are a former Jesuit reduction built by missionaries in the province of Córdoba, Argentina, named a World Heritage Site in 2000.
The Manzana Jesuítica contains the University of Córdoba, one of the oldest in South America, the Monserrat Secondary School, a church, and residence buildings. To maintain such a project, the Jesuits operated six Estancias (residences) around the province of Córdoba, named Caroya, Jesús María, Santa Catalina, Alta Gracia, Candelaria and San Ignacio.
The farm and the complex, started in 1615, had to be left by the Jesuits, following the 1767 decree by King Charles III of Spain that expelled them from the continent. They were then run by the Franciscans until 1853, when the Jesuits returned to The Americas. Nevertheless, the university and the high-school were nationalized a year later.
Each Estancia has its own church and set of buildings, around which towns grew, such as Alta Gracia, the closest to the Block. The Estancia San Ignacio no longer exists. The Jesuit Block and the Estancias can be visited by tourists; the Road of the Jesuit Estancias has around 250 kilometres of length.
Jorge Mario Bergoglio, who would later become pope Francis lived there.
A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a place (such as a forest, mountain, lake, island, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that is listed by the UNESCO as of special cultural or physical significance. The list is maintained by the international World Heritage Programme administered by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, composed of 21 states' parties which are elected by their General Assembly.
The programme catalogues, names, and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humanity. Under certain conditions, listed sites can obtain funds from the World Heritage Fund. The programme was founded with the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, which was adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO on 16 November 1972. Since then, 190 states parties have ratified the Convention, making it one of the most adhered to international instruments. Only the Bahamas, Liechtenstein, Nauru, Somalia, South Sudan, Timor-Leste and Tuvalu are not Party to the Convention.
As of 2013, 981 sites are listed: 759 cultural, 193 natural, and 29 mixed properties, in 160 states parties. By sites ranked by country, Italy is home to the greatest number of World Heritage Sites with 49 sites, followed by China (45) and Spain (44). UNESCO references each World Heritage Site with an identification number; but new inscriptions often include previous sites now listed as part of larger descriptions. As a result, the identification numbers exceed 1,200 even though there are fewer on the list.
While each World Heritage Site remains part of the legal territory of the state wherein the site is located, UNESCO considers it in the interest of the international community to preserve each site.
Córdoba is a city located in the geographical center of Argentina, in the foothills of the "Sierras Chicas" on the "Suquía" River, about 700 km (435 mi) northwest of "Buenos Aires", capital of Argentina. It is the capital of Córdoba Province and the second-largest city in Argentina after the autonomous city of Buenos Aires, with about 1.3 million inhabitants according to the 2001 census.
It was founded on 6 July 1573 by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera, who named it after Córdoba, Spain. It was one of the first Spanish colonial capitals of the region that is now Argentina (the oldest city is Santiago del Estero, founded in 1553). The National University of Córdoba is the oldest university of the country and the fourth to be inaugurated in Latin America. It was founded in 1613 by the Jesuit Order. Because of this, Córdoba earned the nickname "La Docta", in english: "The erudite".
Córdoba has many historical monuments preserved from Spanish colonial rule, especially buildings of the Roman Catholic Church. The most recognizable is perhaps the Jesuit Block (Spanish: Manzana Jesuítica), declared in 2000 as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO which consists of a group of buildings dating from the 17th century, including the Colegio Nacional de Monserrat and the colonial university campus. The campus belongs today to the historical museum of the National University of Córdoba, which has been the second-largest university in the country since the early 20th century (after the University of Buenos Aires), in terms of the number of students, faculty, and academic programs. Córdoba is also known for its historical movements, such as Cordobazo and La Reforma del '18 (known as University Revolution in English).
The Society of Jesus (Latin: Societas Iesu, S.J., SJ or SI) is a Christian male religious order of the Roman Catholic Church. The members are called Jesuits. The society is engaged in evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six continents. Jesuits work in education (founding schools, colleges, universities and seminaries), intellectual research, and cultural pursuits. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes and promote social justice and ecumenical dialogue.
Ignatius of Loyola founded the society after being wounded in battle and experiencing a religious conversion. He composed the Spiritual Exercises to help others follow the teachings of Jesus Christ. In 1534, Ignatius and six other young men, including Francis Xavier and Bl. Peter Faber, gathered and professed vows of poverty, chastity, and later obedience, including a special vow of obedience to the Pope. Rule 13 of Ignatius's Rules for Thinking with the Church said: "That we may be altogether of the same mind and in conformity [...], if [the Church] shall have defined anything to be black which to our eyes appears to be white, we ought in like manner to pronounce it to be black." Ignatius's plan of the order's organization was approved by Pope Paul III in 1540 by the bull containing the "Formula of the Institute".
Because of the military background of Ignatius and the members' willingness to accept orders anywhere in the world and to live in extreme conditions where required, the opening lines of this founding document would declare that the Society of Jesus was founded for "whoever desires to serve as a soldier of God" (Spanish: "todo el que quiera militar para Dios"), "to strive especially for the defense and propagation of the faith and for the progress of souls in Christian life and doctrine." Therefore Jesuits are sometimes referred to colloquially as "God's Soldiers" or "God's Marines". The Society participated in the Counter-Reformation and later in the implementation of the Second Vatican Council in the Catholic Church.
The Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of Madonna Della Strada, a title of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and it is led by a Superior General, currently Adolfo Nicolás.
The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome. The historic curia of St. Ignatius is now part of the Collegio del Gesù attached to the Church of the Gesù, the Jesuit Mother Church.
A Coat of arms is a unique heraldic design on an escutcheon (i.e. shield), surcoat, or tabard. A surcoat, and subsequently a coat of arms was used by medieval knights to cover, protect, and identify the wearer. Thus these are sometimes termed coat armory. The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement which consists of shield, supporters, crest, and motto. The design is a symbol unique to an individual person or family (except in the UK), corporation, or state. Such displays are commonly called armorial bearings, armorial devices, heraldic devices, or simply arms.
The ancient Romans used similar insignias similar on their shields, but these identified military units rather than individuals. The first evidence of medieval coats of arms is found in the Bayeux Tapestry from the 11th Century, where some of the combatants carry shields painted with crosses. Coats of arms came into general use by feudal lords and knights in battle in the 12th Century. By the 13th Century arms had spread beyond their initial battlefield use to become a kind of flag or logo for families in the higher social classes of Europe, inherited from one generation to the next. Exactly who had a right to use arms, by law or social convention, varied to some degree between countries. In the German-speaking region both the aristocracy and burghers (non-noble free citizens) used arms, while in most of the rest of Europe they were limited to the aristocracy. The use of arms spread to Church clergy, and to towns as civic identifiers, and to royally-chartered organizations such as universities and trading companies. Flags developed from coats of arms, and the arts of vexillology and heraldry are closely related. The coats of arms granted to commercial companies are a major source of the modern logo.
Despite no widespread regulation, and even with a lack in many cases of national regulation, heraldry has remained rather consistent across Europe, where traditions alone have governed the design and use of arms. Unlike seals and other general emblems, heraldic achievements have a formal description called a blazon, expressed in a jargon that allows for consistency in heraldic depictions.
n the 21st century, coats of arms are still in use by a variety of institutions and individuals; for example, many European cities and universities have guidelines on how their coats of arms may be used, and protect their use as trademarks. Many societies exist that also aid in the design and registration of personal arms. Some nations, like England and Scotland, still maintain the same heraldic authorities which have traditionally granted and regulated arms for centuries and continue to do so in the present day.
Eagle is a common name for some members of the bird family Accipitridae; it belongs to several genera that are not necessarily closely related to each other. Most of the more than sixty species of eagles occur in Eurasia and Africa. Outside this area, just eleven species can be found – two species (the Bald Eagle and Golden Eagle) in the United States and Canada, nine species in Central America and South America, and three species in Australia.
Eagles are large, powerfully built birds of prey, with a heavy head and beak. Even the smallest eagles, like the Booted Eagle (Aquila pennata) (which is comparable in size to a Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) or Red-tailed Hawk (B. jamaicensis)), have relatively longer and more evenly broad wings, and more direct, faster flight – despite the reduced size of aerodynamic feathers. Most eagles are larger than any other raptors apart from some vultures. The smallest species of eagle is the South Nicobar Serpent Eagle (Spilornis klossi), at 450 g (1 lb) and 40 cm (16 in). The largest species are discussed below. Like all birds of prey, eagles have very large hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong muscular legs, and powerful talons. The beak is typically heavier than that of most other birds of prey. Eagles' eyes are extremely powerful, having up to 3.6 times human acuity for the martial eagle, which enables them to spot potential prey from a very long distance. This keen eyesight is primarily attributed to their extremely large pupils which ensure minimal diffraction (scattering) of the incoming light. The female of all species of eagle known is larger than the male.
Eagles normally build their nests, called eyries, in tall trees or on high cliffs. Many species lay two eggs, but the older, larger chick frequently kills its younger sibling once it has hatched. The dominant chick tends to be the female, as they are bigger than the male. The parents take no action to stop the killing.
Due to the size and power of many eagle species, they are ranked at the top of the food chain as apex predators in the avian world. The type of prey varies from genus to genus. The Haliaeetus and Ichthyophaga eagles prefer to capture fish, though the species in the former often capture various animals, especially other water birds, and are powerful kleptoparasites of other birds. The snake and serpent eagles of the genera Circaetus, Terathopius and Spilornis predominantly prey on the great diversity of snakes that are found in the tropics of Africa and Asia. The eagles of the genus Aquila are often the top birds of prey in open habitats, taking almost any medium-sized vertebrate they can catch. Where Aquila eagles are absent, other eagles, such as the buteonine Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle of South America, may assume the position of top raptorial predator in open areas. Many other eagles, including the species-rich Spizaetus genus, live predominantly in woodlands and forest. These eagles often target various arboreal or ground-dwelling mammals and birds, which are often unsuspectingly ambushed in such dense, knotty environments. Hunting techniques differ among the species and genera, with some individual eagles having engaged in quite varied techniques based their environment and prey at any given time. Most eagles grab prey without landing and take flight with it so the prey can be carried to a perch and torn apart. The Bald Eagle is noted for having flown with the heaviest load verified to be carried by any flying bird, since one eagle flew with a 6.8 kg (15 lb) mule deer fawn. However, a few eagles may target prey considerably heavier than themselves; such prey is too heavy to fly with and thus it is either eaten at the site of the kill or taken in pieces back to a perch or nest. Golden and Crowned Eagles have killed ungulates weighing up to 30 kg (66 lb) and a Martial Eagle even killed a 37 kg (82 lb) duiker, 7–8 times heavier than the predating eagle. Authors on birds David Allen Sibley, Pete Dunne and Clay Sutton, described the behavioral difference between hunting eagles and other birds of prey thus (in this case the Bald and Golden Eagles as compared to other North American raptors):
They have at least one singular characteristic. It has been observed that most birds of prey look back over their shoulders before striking prey (or shortly thereafter); predation is after all a two-edged sword. All hawks seem to have this habit, from the smallest kestrel to the largest Ferruginous – but not the Eagles.
Among the eagles are some of the largest birds of prey: only the condors and some of the Old World vultures are markedly larger. It is regularly debated which should be considered the largest species of eagle. They could be measured variously in total length, body mass or wingspan. Different lifestyle needs among various eagles result in variable measurements from species to species. For example, many forest-dwelling eagles, including the very large Harpy and Philippine Eagles, have relatively short wingspans, a feature necessary for being able to maneuver in quick, short bursts through dense forested habitats. On the other hand, eagles in the genus Aquila are found almost strictly in open country, are superlative soarers, and have relatively long wings for their size.
The modern English term for the bird is derived from Latin: aquila by way of French: aigle. The origin of aquila is unknown, but it is believed to possibly derive from either aquilus (meaning dark-colored, swarthy, or blackish) as a reference to the plumage of eagles or from aquilo (meaning north wind).
Old English used the term earn, related to Scandinavia's ørn / örn. It is similar to other Indo-European terms for "bird" or "eagle", including Greek: ὄρνις (ornís), Russian: орёл (orël), and Welsh: eryr. The Albanian word for eagle is shqiponjë, deriving from the root shqipe.
In Britain before 1678, eagle referred specifically to the Golden Eagle, with the other native species, the White-tailed Eagle, being known as erne. The modern name "Golden Eagle" for aquila chrysaetos was introduced by naturalist John Ray.
The Moche people of ancient Peru worshiped the animal and often depicted eagles in their art.
In Hindu religion, Garuda is a lesser Hindu divinity, usually the mount (vahanam) of Vishnu. Garuda is depicted as having the golden body of a strong man with a white face, red wings, and an eagle's beak and with a crown on his head. This ancient deity was said to be massive, large enough to block out the sun.
The eagle is also the patron animal of Zeus. In particular, Zeus was said to have taken the form of an eagle in order to abduct Ganymede, and there are numerous artistic depictions of the Eagle Zeus bearing Ganymede aloft, from Classical times up to the present.
Eagles have been used by many nations as a national symbol.
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